International Water Resource Consultants Based in Oxford, UK

International Water Consultancy Services

Water Resource Associates (WRA) was formed in 1994 by a network of experienced water consultants with world-wide experience of water issues. Our combined international experience spans 120 countries covering Western and Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia the Middle-East and the Caribbean. WRA is based in Oxford, UK.

We provide world-class specialised consulting services in catchment hydrology and hydrochemistry, flood risk assessments, hydrological modelling of water resource systems, groundwater monitoring, water management software, water resource assessment and planning, and water quality modelling and assessment.

Our software packages include Aquator, HYSIM, HYSIM-CC and INCA.

As a commercial data service for clients, we provide the following services: (i) CHIRPS Data Service, which combines data from real-time observing meteorological stations with infra-red data to estimate precipitation, and (ii) TRMM Data Service, which provides continuous rainfall time-series and rainfall intensity-duration-frequency [IDF] curves for any point on the globe.

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Areas of Expertise

Arid Zones

Artificial Influences

Climate Change

Floods

Groundwater

Hydrological Data Processing

Hydrological Modelling

Water Resource Assessment

Wetlands

Trainings

Latest News





403 - FORBIDDEN










ERROR 403 - FORBIDDEN



Why am I seeing this page?

403 errors usually mean that the server does not have permission to view the requested file or resource.These errors are often caused by IP Deny rules	File protections	or permission problems.
In many cases this is not an indication of an actual problem with the server itself but rather a problem with the information the server has been instructed to access as a result of the request. This error is often caused by an issue on your site which may require additional review by our support teams.
Our support staff will be happy to assist you in resolving this issue. Please contact our Live Support or reply to any Tickets you may have received from our technicians for further assistance.



Is there anything that I can do?

There are a few common causes for this error code including problems with the individual script that may be executed upon request. Some of these are easier to spot and correct than others.
File and Directory Ownership
The server you are on runs applications in a very specific way in most cases. The server generally expects files and directories be owned by your specific user cPanel user. If you have made changes to the file ownership on your own through SSH please reset the Owner and Group appropriately.
File and Directory Permissions
The server you are on runs applications in a very specific way in most cases. The server generally expects files such as HTML	Images	and other media to have a permission mode of 644. The server also expects the permission mode on directories to be set to 755 in most cases.
(See the Section on Understanding Filesystem Permissions.)
Note: If the permissions are set to 000	please contact our support team using the ticket system. This may be related to an account level suspension as a result of abuse or a violation of our Terms of Service.
IP Deny Rules
In the .htaccess file	there may be rules that are conflicting with each other or that are not allowing an IP address access to the site.
If you would like to check a specific rule in your .htaccess file you can comment that specific line in the .htaccess by adding # to the beginning of the line. You should always make a backup of this file before you start making changes.
For example	if the .htaccess looks like

Order deny	allow
allow from all
deny from 192.168.1.5
deny from 192.168.1.25

Then try something like this

Order allow	deny
allow from all
#deny from 192.168.1.5
deny from 192.168.1.25

Our server administrators will be able to advise you on how to avoid this error if it is caused by process limitations. Please contact our Live Support or open a Ticket. Be sure to include the steps needed for our support staff to see the 403 error on your site.



Understanding Filesystem Permissions

Symbolic Representation
The first character indicates the file type and is not related to permissions. The remaining nine characters are in three sets	each representing a class of permissions as three characters. The first set represents the user class. The second set represents the group class. The third set represents the others class.
Each of the three characters represent the read	write	and execute permissions:

r if reading is permitted	- if it is not.
w if writing is permitted	- if it is not.
x if execution is permitted	- if it is not.

The following are some examples of symbolic notation:

-rwxr-xr-x a regular file whose user class has full permissions and whose group and others classes have only the read and execute permissions.
crw-rw-r-- a character special file whose user and group classes have the read and write permissions and whose others class has only the read permission.
dr-x------ a directory whose user class has read and execute permissions and whose group and others classes have no permissions.

Numeric Representation
Another method for representing permissions is an octal (base-8) notation as shown. This notation consists of at least three digits. Each of the three rightmost digits represents a different component of the permissions: user	group	and others.
Each of these digits is the sum of its component bits As a result	specific bits add to the sum as it is represented by a numeral:

The read bit adds 4 to its total (in binary 100)
The write bit adds 2 to its total (in binary 010)	and
The execute bit adds 1 to its total (in binary 001).

These values never produce ambiguous combinations. each sum represents a specific set of permissions. More technically	this is an octal representation of a bit field – each bit references a separate permission	and grouping 3 bits at a time in octal corresponds to grouping these permissions by user	group	and others.
Permission mode 0755

4+2+1=7
Read	Write	eXecute

4+1=5
Read	eXecute

4+1=5
Read	eXecute


Permission mode 0644

4+2=6
Read	Write

4
Read

4
Read





How to modify your .htaccess file

The .htaccess file contains directives (instructions) that tell the server how to behave in certain scenarios and directly affect how your website functions.
Redirects and rewriting URLs are two very common directives found in a .htaccess file	and many scripts such as WordPress	Drupal	Joomla and Magento add directives to the .htaccess so those scripts can function.
It is possible that you may need to edit the .htaccess file at some point	for various reasons.This section covers how to edit the file in cPanel	but not what may need to be changed.(You may need to consult other articles and resources for that information.)
There are Many Ways to Edit a .htaccess File

Edit the file on your computer and upload it to the server via FTP
Use an FTP program's Edit Mode
Use SSH and a text editor
Use the File Manager in cPanel

The easiest way to edit a .htaccess file for most people is through the File Manager in cPanel.
How to Edit .htaccess files in cPanel's File Manager
Before you do anything	it is suggested that you backup your website so that you can revert back to a previous version if something goes wrong.
Open the File Manager

Log into cPanel.
In the Files section	click on the File Manager icon.
Check the box for Document Root for and select the domain name you wish to access from the drop-down menu.
Make sure Show Hidden Files (dotfiles) is checked.
Click Go. The File Manager will open in a new tab or window.
Look for the .htaccess file in the list of files. You may need to scroll to find it.

To Edit the .htaccess File

Right click on the .htaccess file and click Code Edit from the menu. Alternatively	you can click on the icon for the .htaccess file and then click on the Code Editor icon at the top of the page.
A dialogue box may appear asking you about encoding. Just click Edit to continue. The editor will open in a new window.
Edit the file as needed.
Click Save Changes in the upper right hand corner when done. The changes will be saved.
Test your website to make sure your changes were successfully saved. If not	correct the error or revert back to the previous version until your site works again.
Once complete	you can click Close to close the File Manager window.




How to modify file and directory permissions

The permissions on a file or directory tell the server how in what ways it should be able to interact with a file or directory.
This section covers how to edit the file permissions in cPanel	but not what may need to be changed.(See the section on what you can do for more information.)
There are Many Ways to Edit a File Permissions

Use an FTP program
Use SSH and a text editor
Use the File Manager in cPanel

The easiest way to edit file permissions for most people is through the File Manager in cPanel.
How to Edit file permissions in cPanel's File Manager
Before you do anything	it is suggested that you backup your website so that you can revert back to a previous version if something goes wrong.
Open the File Manager

Log into cPanel.
In the Files section	click on the File Manager icon.
Check the box for Document Root for and select the domain name you wish to access from the drop-down menu.
Make sure Show Hidden Files (dotfiles) is checked.
Click Go. The File Manager will open in a new tab or window.
Look for the file or directory in the list of files. You may need to scroll to find it.

To Edit the Permissions

Right click on the file or directory and click Change Permissions from the menu.
A dialogue box should appear allowing you to select the correct permissions or use the numerical value to set the correct permissions.
Edit the file permissions as needed.
Click Change Permissions in the lower left hand corner when done. The changes will be saved.
Test your website to make sure your changes were successfully saved. If not	correct the error or revert back to the previous version until your site works again.
Once complete	you can click Close to close the File Manager window.





403 - FORBIDDEN










ERROR 403 - FORBIDDEN



Why am I seeing this page?

403 errors usually mean that the server does not have permission to view the requested file or resource.These errors are often caused by IP Deny rules	File protections	or permission problems.
In many cases this is not an indication of an actual problem with the server itself but rather a problem with the information the server has been instructed to access as a result of the request. This error is often caused by an issue on your site which may require additional review by our support teams.
Our support staff will be happy to assist you in resolving this issue. Please contact our Live Support or reply to any Tickets you may have received from our technicians for further assistance.



Is there anything that I can do?

There are a few common causes for this error code including problems with the individual script that may be executed upon request. Some of these are easier to spot and correct than others.
File and Directory Ownership
The server you are on runs applications in a very specific way in most cases. The server generally expects files and directories be owned by your specific user cPanel user. If you have made changes to the file ownership on your own through SSH please reset the Owner and Group appropriately.
File and Directory Permissions
The server you are on runs applications in a very specific way in most cases. The server generally expects files such as HTML	Images	and other media to have a permission mode of 644. The server also expects the permission mode on directories to be set to 755 in most cases.
(See the Section on Understanding Filesystem Permissions.)
Note: If the permissions are set to 000	please contact our support team using the ticket system. This may be related to an account level suspension as a result of abuse or a violation of our Terms of Service.
IP Deny Rules
In the .htaccess file	there may be rules that are conflicting with each other or that are not allowing an IP address access to the site.
If you would like to check a specific rule in your .htaccess file you can comment that specific line in the .htaccess by adding # to the beginning of the line. You should always make a backup of this file before you start making changes.
For example	if the .htaccess looks like

Order deny	allow
allow from all
deny from 192.168.1.5
deny from 192.168.1.25

Then try something like this

Order allow	deny
allow from all
#deny from 192.168.1.5
deny from 192.168.1.25

Our server administrators will be able to advise you on how to avoid this error if it is caused by process limitations. Please contact our Live Support or open a Ticket. Be sure to include the steps needed for our support staff to see the 403 error on your site.



Understanding Filesystem Permissions

Symbolic Representation
The first character indicates the file type and is not related to permissions. The remaining nine characters are in three sets	each representing a class of permissions as three characters. The first set represents the user class. The second set represents the group class. The third set represents the others class.
Each of the three characters represent the read	write	and execute permissions:

r if reading is permitted	- if it is not.
w if writing is permitted	- if it is not.
x if execution is permitted	- if it is not.

The following are some examples of symbolic notation:

-rwxr-xr-x a regular file whose user class has full permissions and whose group and others classes have only the read and execute permissions.
crw-rw-r-- a character special file whose user and group classes have the read and write permissions and whose others class has only the read permission.
dr-x------ a directory whose user class has read and execute permissions and whose group and others classes have no permissions.

Numeric Representation
Another method for representing permissions is an octal (base-8) notation as shown. This notation consists of at least three digits. Each of the three rightmost digits represents a different component of the permissions: user	group	and others.
Each of these digits is the sum of its component bits As a result	specific bits add to the sum as it is represented by a numeral:

The read bit adds 4 to its total (in binary 100)
The write bit adds 2 to its total (in binary 010)	and
The execute bit adds 1 to its total (in binary 001).

These values never produce ambiguous combinations. each sum represents a specific set of permissions. More technically	this is an octal representation of a bit field – each bit references a separate permission	and grouping 3 bits at a time in octal corresponds to grouping these permissions by user	group	and others.
Permission mode 0755

4+2+1=7
Read	Write	eXecute

4+1=5
Read	eXecute

4+1=5
Read	eXecute


Permission mode 0644

4+2=6
Read	Write

4
Read

4
Read





How to modify your .htaccess file

The .htaccess file contains directives (instructions) that tell the server how to behave in certain scenarios and directly affect how your website functions.
Redirects and rewriting URLs are two very common directives found in a .htaccess file	and many scripts such as WordPress	Drupal	Joomla and Magento add directives to the .htaccess so those scripts can function.
It is possible that you may need to edit the .htaccess file at some point	for various reasons.This section covers how to edit the file in cPanel	but not what may need to be changed.(You may need to consult other articles and resources for that information.)
There are Many Ways to Edit a .htaccess File

Edit the file on your computer and upload it to the server via FTP
Use an FTP program's Edit Mode
Use SSH and a text editor
Use the File Manager in cPanel

The easiest way to edit a .htaccess file for most people is through the File Manager in cPanel.
How to Edit .htaccess files in cPanel's File Manager
Before you do anything	it is suggested that you backup your website so that you can revert back to a previous version if something goes wrong.
Open the File Manager

Log into cPanel.
In the Files section	click on the File Manager icon.
Check the box for Document Root for and select the domain name you wish to access from the drop-down menu.
Make sure Show Hidden Files (dotfiles) is checked.
Click Go. The File Manager will open in a new tab or window.
Look for the .htaccess file in the list of files. You may need to scroll to find it.

To Edit the .htaccess File

Right click on the .htaccess file and click Code Edit from the menu. Alternatively	you can click on the icon for the .htaccess file and then click on the Code Editor icon at the top of the page.
A dialogue box may appear asking you about encoding. Just click Edit to continue. The editor will open in a new window.
Edit the file as needed.
Click Save Changes in the upper right hand corner when done. The changes will be saved.
Test your website to make sure your changes were successfully saved. If not	correct the error or revert back to the previous version until your site works again.
Once complete	you can click Close to close the File Manager window.




How to modify file and directory permissions

The permissions on a file or directory tell the server how in what ways it should be able to interact with a file or directory.
This section covers how to edit the file permissions in cPanel	but not what may need to be changed.(See the section on what you can do for more information.)
There are Many Ways to Edit a File Permissions

Use an FTP program
Use SSH and a text editor
Use the File Manager in cPanel

The easiest way to edit file permissions for most people is through the File Manager in cPanel.
How to Edit file permissions in cPanel's File Manager
Before you do anything	it is suggested that you backup your website so that you can revert back to a previous version if something goes wrong.
Open the File Manager

Log into cPanel.
In the Files section	click on the File Manager icon.
Check the box for Document Root for and select the domain name you wish to access from the drop-down menu.
Make sure Show Hidden Files (dotfiles) is checked.
Click Go. The File Manager will open in a new tab or window.
Look for the file or directory in the list of files. You may need to scroll to find it.

To Edit the Permissions

Right click on the file or directory and click Change Permissions from the menu.
A dialogue box should appear allowing you to select the correct permissions or use the numerical value to set the correct permissions.
Edit the file permissions as needed.
Click Change Permissions in the lower left hand corner when done. The changes will be saved.
Test your website to make sure your changes were successfully saved. If not	correct the error or revert back to the previous version until your site works again.
Once complete	you can click Close to close the File Manager window.

Software Packages

Off the Shelf and Bespoke Software

No Results Found

AQUATOR

Simulation of water resource systems
HYSIM-AQUATOR was developed jointly by Water Resource Associates and Oxford Scientific Software Ltd during a three-year research and development contract for SNIFFER in 1999-2001. The results of the research were published by the Foundation for Water Research in February 2001.

The original integrated HYSIM-Aquator software package was destined for use in determining the deployable output of water supply systems in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Since then, HYSIM-Aquator has become the preferred choice for water resources system modelling and is used routinely by water companies, government agencies and consultants working in the field of water resources planning and river basin management. The largest river basins in the United Kingdom are modelled using Aquator.

Aquator is a powerful application for developing and running conjunctive use water resource system models. It is equally at home with simple models having just a few components as well as large complex models comprising many hundreds of components.
HYSIM

Hydrological catchment model for resource assessment and flow naturalisation (free evaluation available).
HYSIM is a hydrological simulation model (rainfall-runoff model) which uses rainfall and potential evaporation data to simulate the hydrological cycle (surface runoff, percolation to groundwater and river flow) on a continuous basis.

HYSIM’s parameters define in a realistic way the hydrology and hydraulics of the whole river basin (watershed).
HYSIM-CC

Hydrological model to quantify the effects of climate change.
WRA provide a model, termed HYSIM-CC, to quantify the effects of climate change. With the model you can: i) Work with IPCC SRES climate scenarios, ii) Import climate and other data, iii) Analyse changes to river flow, runoff, soil moisture, groundwater recharge, snow melt, frost days and irrigation demand, iv) Simulate the impacts anywhere in the world, and v) Output the results in a range of graphic formats or as csv files.
INCA

INCA (Integrated Nitrogen in Catchments) has been used in many European catchments
INCA is a dynamic, processed-based model providing representation of flow and water quality with plant and soil system dynamics and in-stream biogeochemical and hydrological dynamics. The INCA model has been used successfully to assess a wide range of environmental change issues in catchments.

Data Service

CHIRPS

The Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) is a quasi-global rainfall data set. As its title suggests it combines data from real-time observing meteorological stations with infra-red data to estimate precipitation. The data set runs from 1981 to the near present.

WRA has the complete archive of CHIRPS daily and sub-daily data for 1981-2019, and has developed a software suite to facilitate extraction and analysis for user-defined polygons such as river basins.

WRA provides rainfall data-sets on this basis as a commercial service for clients, and has so far completed CHIRPS projects in Europe, Africa, Middle East and Far East.

> View More Information

TRMM

Since 2010, WRA has been actively using TRMM data for water resource and flood defence projects, particularly in areas of sparse data. Our TRMM data service provides continuous rainfall time-series and rainfall intensity-duration-frequency [IDF] curves for any point on the globe between the 50 degree latitudes, in formats which are easy to use for hydrological analysis.

WRA’s IDF software analyses TRMM rainfall by quarter degree grid cell for any duration between 3 and 72 hours for the post-1998 period, a record of 192 months of short-duration rainfall data.

The data have been used, tested and validated by WRA in Africa, the Middle East and Far East, by comparison of statistics with ground stations.

WRA provides processed rainfall and IDF data as a commercial service for clients, and the pricing is based on the number of quarter degree grid cells per grid cell and number of IDF curves and tables provided.

> View More Information

Partners

No Results Found

Peter Baur

Hydrologist with a strong background in international development
Peter Baur is a hydrologist with a strong background in international development with project experience in Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America. His technical skills cover diverse areas of hydrology, hydrogeology and water quality, and he has experience of river basin studies, water resources assessments, water supply studies, mine and oil pipeline ESIAs, engineering feasibility studies and due diligence assessments.
Paul Edmunds

Geospatial and environmental systems business leader, consultant and analyst
Paul Edmunds is an award-winning geospatial and environmental systems business leader, consultant and analyst with over 20 years’ experience designing and delivering data-driven digital platforms across the water, energy, environmental, and agricultural sectors. His work focuses on integrating satellite earth observation, environmental modelling, and field data into operational decision support, monitoring, and compliance systems and end-user applications.
Marcus Francis

Water resources engineer and hydrologist
Marcus Francis has extensive experience in hydrology, hydraulics, water resources management, applied research and consulting engineering covering a wide range of water resources and engineering projects in the UK and overseas. His water resources assessment and planning experience covers surface water and reservoirs, groundwater including aquifer storage and recovery, water transfer schemes, conjunctive use, desalination, effluent reuse and demand management.
Paul Holmes

Hydrologist/hydrogeologist with wide experience of hydraulics and water resource studies
Experience in water resource development for city and industrial supply, irrigation and flood control, with regional specialisation in SE Asia and the Portuguese communities. His participation in national and international projects has ranged from that of specialist to project manager and team leader.
Ben Piper

Chartered Civil Engineer & Hydrologist
Ben Piper is water resources planning expert with over 45 years’ experience in global hydrology. At Atkins he was Technical Director for water resources with extensive experience in catchment hydrology, water resource planning, hydrological and water quality modelling, and modelling of water resource systems.
Dr. Harvey J E Rodda

Hydrological modelling and GIS
Hydrologist with over 20 years postgraduate experience in consultancy, specialising in hydrological models and the use of GIS. He has worked on a range of modelling studies including water quality, sediment transport, flooding, extreme rainfall and has extensive GIS experience in particular using Arc GIS and cell based modelling with the Spatial Analyst extension. He has also specialised in linking hydrological models with GIS.
Prof. Paul Whitehead

River and reservoir water quality modelling, catchment hydrochemistry, acidification
Has over 35 years experience of water quality and pollution issues including the development of dynamic, stochastic and planning models. Applications include simulation of catchments, rivers and reservoirs with environmental impact assessment of effluent discharges, land use change, acid deposition and non-point source pollution.

Associates

No Results Found

Dr. Sean Avery

Water resources development and environmental impact assessment
Dr Sean Avery is an expert in Water Resources Development and Environmental Impact, with wide experience of hydrology, hydrogeology and water resource development for water supply, irrigation, drainage, sewerage, sanitation projects in East and Central Africa. He has carried out many environmental audits and impact assessments and is a regional specialist in water resources in Africa and the Middle East.
Robert Bacciarelli

Hydrographic Survey and Geotechnics
Mr Bacciarelli is an expert in aerial and hydrographic survey and is a geotechnical troubleshooter in the field of earthworks, groundwater well sites, access and haul roads in difficult terrain. He manages and directs the Indonesian company Pt Geoindo, which has over 150 professional employees, providing survey services to oil and gas, mining, large industrial and infrastructure development clients in the Far East, Africa and the Middle East (including Sudan, Brunei, Singapore, Nigeria, and Saudi Arabia).
Dr. Gianbattista Bussi

Environmental modeller (hydrology, water quality and sediment transport)
Gianbattista Bussi is an environmental modeller with extensive experience in the fields of hydrology, water quality, soil erosion and sediment transport modelling, as well as in physical risk assessment and climate change impacts. He is an experienced and skill model programmer and developed, and has applied a variety of environmental models, including the hydrological, sediment and water quality model INCA, to several areas around the World. He is specialised in the analysis of climate and land-use change impacts on water availability, coastal and river flood risk, nutrient concentration, soil erosion and sediment transport
Daniel Butterfield

Software and GIS applications for environmental science
Dan Butterfield has been developing software and GIS applications for environmental science for more than a decade. He is a C++ Object-Oriented Programming Certified Professional, has more than 7 years experience of using GIS tools for modelling, mapping and presentation purposes and is highly competent in all areas of IT, including relational database design and web technologies.
Jack Cosby

Hydrology and biogeochemistry
Jack Cosby has over 30 years of research experience in the USA, Canada and Europe, focusing on the hydrology and biogeochemistry of low-order streams, small lakes, headwater catchments, and coastal and estuarine systems.
Dr. Alejandro Dussaillant

Water resources and hydrology, applied to sustainable drainage, flood hazards, and water supply
Alejandro Dussaillant has 20+ years experience in water resources and hydrology, applied to sustainable drainage, flood hazards, and water supply, with regional specialisation in South America, USA and Italy. His projects have included hydrological studies through most world climates from the humid tropics to arid zone hydrology, for drainage, flooding, fluvial geomorphology and dam impacts, catchment & river modelling, designing, establishing & operating hydrometric & environmental monitoring networks, and supporting development of professionals in Chile, USA and UK.
Rachel Evans

Water resources management within the UK water industry
Rachel has 14 years’ experience of water resources management within the UK water industry, including 4 years with Thames Water as a Water Resources Planner, and 5 years with Yorkshire Water as Senior Hydrologist. As a consultant, she has worked for both water companies and water industry regulators, providing technical advice and analysis on a range of water resources topics.
Frank Farquharson

Hydrologist and Water Resources Development
Extensive experience in hydrology and water resource assessment and development and has worked extensively in the UK, Europe and other parts of the world. Has specialised in flood estimation and on water resource assessment.
Prof. Martyn Futter

Water quality modeller and water policy
Professor Futter is a water quality modeller with extensive experience in model development and application. He is a key member of the INCA development team and has led or contributed to the development of models for nutrient, mercury and organic pollutant fate and transport. Most recently, he has been part of the development team for INCA-Tox, a generic, catchment-scale model for simulating the fate and transport of legacy and emerging organic pollutants. He is skilled in software development and environmental information management and has developed several tools for model calibration and sensitivity analysis. Martyn is an expert on European water policy including the Water Framework (WFD) and Floods Directives (FD). He has specialist regional expertise in Fennoscandia, the Baltic States, the UK and Canada and sectoral expertise in forestry, drinking water supply, acidification and diffuse pollution.
Dr. Robin Hall

Hydrologist with extensive experimental design, measurement and modelling experience
Dr. Robin Hall has 27 years experience as a hydrologist and was formerly employed for 23 years at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, (formerly Institute of Hydrology). He has extensive experience in experimental design, measurement and modelling, in both research projects and applied work, covering a wide range of hydrological topics including: evaporation (from vegetation, soil and water bodies); soil water; groundwater; stream flow and surface water runoff, and catchment water balances.
Richard Hines

Chartered geologist and hydrologist with extensive experience in the fields of applied science, engineering, and academia
Richard Hines has a wide spectrum of experience from flood risk management along urban rivers to the hydraulic design of wastewater treatment works, reservoir hydrological and hydraulic analysis, aquifer protection in hydrocarbon fields, drainage network modelling, SuDS design, and related hydrologic, hydraulic, and geomorphology assessments. His professional career includes roles in multinational energy companies, global civil and environmental consultancies, and the UK’s largest publicly listed water company.
Dr. Jamie Ledingham

Chartered scientist experienced in hydrological and water resources systems modelling.
Jamie’s principle expertise lies in complex hydrological and water resources systems modelling, the optimisation of reservoir systems to meet multiple objectives, hydropower and flood hydrology. He is proficient in a number of programming languages for data analysis and modelling including AWK, SQL, Python, VBA and R as well as GIS software such as ArcGIS and QGIS.
Dr. Nick Mandeville

Hydrological services and hydrometeorological analysis
Dr. Mandeville specialises in strengthening the operation of hydrological services for overseas governments, from basic data collection through hydrometeorological analysis to management of the water resource. Has also undertaken a substantial number of regional hydrological studies.
Ronald Manley

Engineer hydrologist, author of HYSIM, wetland hydrology and transboundary water resources
Civil Engineer with specialisation in computer applications for hydrology and water resources. His experience includes transboundary water resources studies, authorship of the HYSIM rainfall/runoff model and the Hydrological Simulation Model for Climate Change HYSIM-CC.
Gaye McKay

Flood Risk Management, catchment management and sustainable drainage
Gaye McKay is an Environmental Scientist, with 25 years’ experience working for both regulatory authorities and the private sector. She has extensive experience in flood risk management, catchment management and sustainable drainage. She was formerly the co-ordinator of the UK SuDS monitoring project and assisted in the development of several SEPA guidance documents on SUDS.
Rowan McKittrick

Chartered geologist and hydrogeologist specialising in mine water management
Rowan McKittrick is a chartered geologist and hydrogeologist with over 30 years international project experience. Rowan has supported clients through technical leadership and management of numerous consultancy projects from scoping to bankable feasibility level engineering, during mine operations, closure and rehabilitation.
Dr Cordelia Rampley

Microbiology, Nanoparticle and Biosensor Consultant
Cordelia has over 8 years’ experience in nanotechnology and applied biosensor technology within academia and water industries internationally. She worked as a postdoctoral research associate in Synthetic Biology at the University of Oxford, where she developed a new, minimal bacterial chassis, and demonstrated its use as a functional, non-GMO biosensor.
Dr. Patrick Reynolds

River basin planning and transboundary water management
Dr Reynolds is an experienced Team Leader for many transboundary water projects liaising regularly with project stakeholders, local development agencies and civil society groups, government agencies, international donors, and local media. Holds a Doctorate in anaerobic digestion of industrial and agricultural wastewater.
Julian Smith

Engineering hydrologist with extensive experience of modelling and analysis
Julian Smith is a engineering hydrologist with almost 40 years of experience of the water industry in the UK and overseas, including 2D river modelling, flood analysis, flood alleviation works design, reservoir spillway analysis and design, water resources analysis, analysis of steady and unsteady flow in pipe networks and sewerage system modelling. Julian's most recent activity has involved the use of InfoWorks ICM integrated 1D/2D flood modelling for various urban areas in southern England.
Dr. Debbie Snook

Chartered Biologist and Chartered Environmentalist
Dr. Snook is a Chartered Biologist and Chartered Environmentalist with 20 years experience as an ecologist within research, regional planning, government and voluntary bodies, in temperate, alpine and tropical habitats.

WRA Bulletins

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January 2026: No. 77

This issue features the following articles: (i) Sustainable Water Use Assessments, Tanzania, (ii) Simulation of Hydrology and Water Quality of Rivers and Lakes in the Notranjski Regional Park, Slovenia, (iii) Flood Risk Assessment in the Thames Valley, South of Cookham, UK, and (iv) Hydrogeological Appraisals of Private Groundwater Supplies in Wisbech, UK .

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October 2025: No. 76

This issue features the following articles: (i) Expert Review at Smart City, Kalkara, Malta, (ii) HYSIM Training in Tanzania, (iii) Hydrological Survey of Widmore Pond, Oxfordshire, UK, and (iv) Review of Flooding at Little Tew in the Cotswolds, UK.

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May 2025: No. 75

This issue features the following articles: (i) Perama Hill Gold Project, Northern Greece, (ii) Processing and QAQC of River Data, Guinea, (iii) Hydrogeological Appraisal of Blackwater Fen, UK, and (iv) Taylors Cut River Restoration, UK.

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January 2025: No. 74

This issue features the following articles: (i) EACOP groundwater monitoring procedure, (ii) Assessment of climate change risks associated with the trans Adriatic gas pipeline, (iii) Flood risk assessment for planning related to a boatyard in Maidenhead, UK, and (iv) Property level flood risk surveys, UK.

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File and Directory Ownership

File and Directory Permissions

IP Deny Rules

Symbolic Representation

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There are Many Ways to Edit a .htaccess File

How to Edit .htaccess files in cPanel's File Manager

Open the File Manager

To Edit the .htaccess File

There are Many Ways to Edit a File Permissions

How to Edit file permissions in cPanel's File Manager

Open the File Manager

To Edit the Permissions

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